First officers, supervisors and administrators must have a thorough knowledge of case law on the 4th Amendment.

We need to officers in use-of-force decisions, develop policy that is clear and straightforward based on the law, and conduct thorough and professional investigations.

In a spontaneous assault, the officer has little to no time and they should move laterally, if possible, off the attack line during the draw-stroke, and use a default position of twohanded eye-level shooting.

It is vital, in my opinion, that agency policy mirrors the legal standards of Graham v. Connor and applicable state law.

Hyper-violent suspects can present a threat to an officer's life, even without a weapon.

Since the advent of weaponry, there has been a need for personal armor and enterprising designers who develop it using the technology of the time.