When we discuss law enforcement suicide and self-destructive behavior, the conversation typically centers on trauma exposure, PTSD, and occupational stress. While these factors undoubtedly play significant roles, we may be overlooking a critical piece of the puzzle: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). Despite affecting populations with similar patterns of head trauma exposure, CTE remains virtually unexamined in law enforcement research—a gap that may be costing officers their lives.
Understanding Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: CTE is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by repeated head impacts. Unlike a single severe concussion, CTE develops from cumulative sub-concussive and concussive blows over time. The condition is characterized by the buildup of an abnormal protein called tau in the brain, which gradually damages brain tissue and disrupts normal functioning.
CTE symptoms typically emerge years or even decades after the trauma exposure begins. They include cognitive impairment, memory problems, difficulty with executive functioning and decision-making, impulsivity, aggression, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Currently, CTE can only be definitively diagnosed through postmortem brain examination, though researchers are working to develop diagnostic tools for living patients. This late diagnosis subsequently subverts interventions, especially those that require or involve insurance coverage.
CTE is not novel and can be found in other high impact fields. The military and National Football League have provided our clearest windows into CTE’s devastating impact. Studies of deceased NFL players have found CTE in an alarming percentage of examined brains—some research suggesting rates as high as 99% among former professional players, (Mez et al., 2017). These athletes experienced repeated sub-concussive hits throughout their careers, even when not diagnosed with concussions.
Similarly, military veterans exposed to blast injuries and combat-related head trauma show elevated rates of CTE (Goldstein et al., 2012). Research has documented strong associations between repetitive head impacts in military service and subsequent mental health deterioration, cognitive decline, and suicide (McKee et al., 2014). The Department of Defense has invested substantial resources into understanding this connection, recognizing that traumatic brain injury represents a signature wound of modern warfare.
Both populations demonstrate a troubling pattern: individuals with repeated head trauma exposure experience higher rates of depression, impulsivity, relationship problems, and suicide—the same behavioral health challenges disproportionately affecting law enforcement.
Can the unexamined effects of CTE be a contributing factor in police well-being? Law enforcement officers face remarkably similar head trauma exposure patterns, yet research exploring CTE in this population is essentially nonexistent. Consider the scope of potential exposure:
In 2024 alone, 85,730 Officers were assaulted in the line of duty, a 10-year high and a 63.5% increase over that same time period (Federal Bureau of Investigations, 2025). Based on those numbers, we can likely expect nearly 90,000 officers assaulted in 2025 when the FBI statistics are published later this year. Many of those assaults involve blows to the head. Officers experience motor vehicle crashes at rates far exceeding the general population. Training accidents, physical altercations, and falls during foot pursuits create additional opportunities for head trauma. Even routine firearms training may contribute through repeated low-level concussive forces, similar to concerns raised about military personnel (Tate et al., 2013).
Unlike athletes who typically have defined career spans, police officers may accumulate head impacts over 20-30 year careers, potentially increasing their cumulative exposure. Yet we have no systematic tracking of head injuries in law enforcement, no protocols for monitoring sub-concussive impacts, and virtually no research examining CTE prevalence or its potential contribution to the profession’s behavioral health crisis.
The Positive Psychology Intervention
While no cure exists for CTE, positive psychology interventions may help mitigate its symptoms and improve quality of life for those affected. Research demonstrates that specific positive interventions can directly address anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and anger (Seligman et al., 2005; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009), core symptoms experienced by those with CTE.
Gratitude practices have shown effectiveness in reducing depression and improving emotional regulation—both critical for individuals experiencing CTE-related mood disturbances. Regular gratitude exercises may help counteract the negative emotional patterns that CTE can create.
Mindfulness-based interventions can improve impulse control and emotional regulation, addressing two significant CTE symptoms (Keng et al., 2011). For officers experiencing decision-making difficulties due to potential CTE, mindfulness practices can enhance present-moment awareness and reduce automatic negative reactions.
The ABC model from positive psychology—examining the Activating event, Belief about that event, and resulting Consequences—provides a practical framework for individuals struggling with CTE-related cognitive changes. By slowing down the thought process and examining interpretations of events, this approach can help compensate for impaired executive functioning and reduce impulsive responses.
Character strengths identification and deployment can preserve sense of identity and purpose as cognitive changes occur. Helping individuals recognize and utilize their signature strengths provides stable ground even as other capabilities may decline.
Relationship-focused interventions become particularly important given CTE’s impact on social functioning. Active-constructive responding, appreciation practices, and structured communication strategies can help maintain relationship quality despite the challenges CTE may create in emotional regulation and interpersonal interaction.
These interventions won’t reverse CTE, but they can meaningfully improve subjective well-being, relationship satisfaction, and daily functioning for those affected and their families. For law enforcement officers potentially living with undiagnosed CTE, these approaches offer practical tools for managing symptoms and maintaining quality of life. Considering CTE as a factor can also reduce internal and external stigma, creating greater compassion and making space for grace.
When considering publicly sourced data, observable patterns begin to emerge. The relationship between officer assaults and suicide rates reveals an intriguing pattern that demands further investigation. From 2015 to 2020, as assaults against police rose, so did officer suicide rates—a correlation consistent with a CTE hypothesis. However, from 2020 to 2025, even as assaults continued rising, suicide rates declined. This decrease correlates with the widespread implementation of resilience training across law enforcement agencies nationwide.
Could evidence-based resilience training be providing the kind of protective factor that positive psychology interventions offer against CTE symptoms? Research is needed to determine if these correlations represent causal relationships.
What does the path forward look like when considering CTE in law enforcement, when currently, there is no academic research examining CTE in law enforcement populations. This represents a critical knowledge gap that may be hindering our understanding of officer suicide and self-destructive behavior. While trauma exposure and mental health challenges certainly contribute to these outcomes, they may not tell the complete story.
I hypothesize that elevated rates of self-destructive behavior and suicide in law enforcement are not limited to trauma exposure and mental health decline alone. Other contributing factors likely exist, and CTE may be among the most significant.
Limitations and Future Directions
This hypothesis requires substantial empirical investigation. Future research should examine CTE prevalence in law enforcement through brain donation programs, develop screening tools for living officers, track head injury exposure systematically throughout careers, and investigate whether interventions like resilience training provide measurable protection against neurodegenerative processes.
The path forward is clear and achievable. Through purposeful collaboration among researchers, clinicians, law enforcement agencies, and funding organizations, we can bring the same scientific rigor to understanding CTE in policing that we’ve applied to athletics and military service. Together, we have the knowledge, tools, and commitment to not only illuminate this hidden threat but to develop and implement evidence-based protective factors that can shield officers from CTE’s devastating effects. This is an opportunity to transform officer well-being through research, innovation, and shared purpose. Let’s join together and commit to making it happen.
References
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2025, August). UCR summary of reported crimes in the nation, 2024. U.S. Department of Justice.
Goldstein, L. E., Fisher, A. M., Tagge, C. A., et al. (2012). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model. Science Translational Medicine, 4(134), 134ra60. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003716
Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1041-1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006
McKee, A. C., Robinson, M. E., Stein, T. D., Bieniek, K., Broderick, D. F., & Dickson, D. W. (2014). Military-related traumatic brain injury and neurodegeneration. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 10(3 Suppl), S242-S253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.003
Mez, J., Daneshvar, D. H., Kiernan, P. T., et al. (2017). Clinicopathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American football.JAMA, 318(4), 360-370. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.8334
Reivich, K., & Shatté, A. (2002). The resilience factor: 7 essential skills for overcoming life’s inevitable obstacles. Broadway Books.
Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410-421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410
Solomon, K. (2025). In Blue H.E.L.P. (Co-Founder). Retrieved [February 12, 2026], from https://bluehelp.org
Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467-487. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593
Tate, C. M., Wang, K. K., Eonta, S., Zhang, Y., Carr, W., Tortella, F. C., Hayes, R. L., & Kamimori, G. H. (2013). Serum brain biomarker level, neurocognitive performance, and self-reported symptom changes in soldiers repeatedly exposed to low-level blast: A breacher pilot study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 30(19), 1620-1630. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2012.2683
